Asymmetric tibial components for a knee prosthesis

ABSTRACT

An orthopedic tibial prosthesis includes a tibial baseplate with features designed for use with small-stature knee-replacement patients. The tibial prosthesis may include a shortened tibial keel, tibial keel fins which define a large angle with respect to a longitudinal axis of the keel, and/or tibial keel fins which extend along less than the entire longitudinal extent of the keel.

CLAIM OF PRIORITY

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.13/594,543, now issued as U.S. Pat. No. 9,381,090, filed on Aug. 24,2012, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent ApplicationSer. No. 61/592,574, filed on Jan. 30, 2012, and also claims the benefitof U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/621,374, filed onApr. 6, 2012. U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/594,543, now issued asU.S. Pat. No. 9,381,090, is also a continuation-in-part of U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 13/189,336, now issued as U.S. Pat. No. 8,613,775,filed on Jul. 22, 2011, and a continuation-in-part of U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 13/189,338, now issued as U.S. Pat. No. 8,568,486,filed on Jul. 22, 2011, and a continuation-in-part of U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 13/189,339, now issued as U.S. Pat. No. 8,574,304,filed on Jul. 22, 2011, which claims the benefit of U.S. ProvisionalPatent Application Ser. No. 61/367,375 filed on Jul. 24, 2010, andclaims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No.61/381,800, filed on Sep. 10, 2010, the benefit of priority of each ofwhich is claimed hereby, and each of which are incorporated by referenceherein in its entirety.

BACKGROUND

1. Technical Field

The present disclosure relates to orthopaedic prostheses and,specifically, to tibial components in a knee prosthesis.

2. Description of the Related Art

Orthopaedic prostheses are commonly utilized to repair and/or replacedamaged bone and tissue in the human body. For example, a kneeprosthesis may include a tibial baseplate that is affixed to a resectedor natural proximal tibia, a femoral component attached to a resected ornatural distal femur, and a tibial bearing component coupled with thetibial baseplate and disposed between the tibial baseplate and femoralcomponent. Knee prostheses frequently seek to provide articulationsimilar to a natural, anatomical articulation of a knee joint, includingproviding a wide range of flexion.

The tibial insert component, sometimes also referred to as a tibialbearing or meniscal component, is used to provide an appropriate levelof friction and contact area at the interface between the femoralcomponent and the tibial bearing component. For a knee prosthesis toprovide a sufficient range of flexion with a desirable kinematic motionprofile, the tibial bearing component and tibial baseplate must be sizedand oriented to interact appropriately with the femoral component of theknee prosthesis throughout the flexion range. Substantial design effortshave been focused on providing a range of prosthesis component sizes andshapes to accommodate the natural variability in bone sizes and shapesin patients with orthopaedic prostheses, while preserving flexion rangeand desired kinematic motion profile.

In addition to facilitating implantation and providing enhancedkinematics through manipulation of the size and/or geometry ofprosthesis components, protection and/or preservation of soft tissues inthe natural knee joint is also desirable.

A given prosthetic component design (i.e., a tibial baseplate, tibialbearing component, or femoral component) may be provided to a surgeon asa kit including a variety of different sizes, so that the surgeon maychoose an appropriate size intraoperatively and/or on the basis ofpre-surgery planning. An individual component may be selected from thekit based upon the surgeon's assessment of fit and kinematics, i.e., howclosely the component matches the natural contours of a patient's boneand how smoothly the assembled knee joint prosthesis functions inconjunction with adjacent soft tissues and other anatomical structures.Soft tissue considerations include proper ligament tension andminimization of soft tissue impingement upon prosthetic surfaces, forexample.

In addition to prosthetic sizing, the orientation of a prostheticcomponent on a resected or natural surface of a bone also impactssurgical outcomes. For example, the rotational orientation of a tibialbaseplate and tibial bearing component with respect to a resectedproximal tibia will affect the interaction between the correspondingfemoral prosthesis and the tibial bearing component. The nature andamount of the coverage of a tibial baseplate over specific areas of theresected proximal tibia will also affect the fixation of the implant tothe bone. Thus, substantial design efforts have been focused onproviding prosthetic components which are appropriately sized for avariety of patient bone sizes and are adapted to be implanted in aparticular, proper orientation to achieve desired prosthesis performancecharacteristics.

SUMMARY

The present disclosure provides an orthopaedic tibial prosthesis whichincludes a tibial baseplate with features designed for use withsmall-stature knee-replacement patients. The tibial prosthesis mayinclude a shortened tibial keel, tibial keel fins which define a largeangle with respect to a longitudinal axis of the keel, and/or tibialkeel fins which extend along less than the entire longitudinal extent ofthe keel.

The present disclosure also provides an orthopaedic tibial prosthesisincluding a tibial baseplate with an asymmetric periphery which promotesproper positioning and orientation on a resected tibia, while alsofacilitating enhanced kinematics, soft-tissue interaction, and long-termfixation of the complete knee prosthesis. The asymmetric baseplateperiphery is sized and shaped to substantially match portions of theperiphery of a typical resected proximal tibial surface, such thatproper location and orientation is evident by resting the baseplate onthe tibia. The baseplate periphery provides strategically positionedrelief and/or clearance between the baseplate periphery and boneperiphery, such as in the posterior-medial portion to preventdeep-flexion component impingement, and in the anterior-lateral portionto avoid undue interaction between the anatomic iliotibial band andprosthesis components.

In one form thereof, the present invention provides a small-staturetibial baseplate, comprising: a tibial plateau comprising: a distalsurface sized and shaped to substantially cover a proximal resectedsurface of a tibia; a proximal surface opposite the distal surface, theproximal surface having a lateral compartment and a medial compartmentopposite the lateral compartment; and a peripheral wall extendingbetween the distal surface and the proximal surface; a tibial keelextending distally from the distal surface of the tibial plateau todefine a longitudinal tibial keel axis; and at least one fin spanning ajunction between the tibial keel and the distal surface, the at leastone fin comprising a fin edge defining an angle of about 45 degrees withrespect to the longitudinal tibial keel axis. In one aspect, the tibialkeel defines a longitudinal extent equal to about 27 mm.

In another form thereof, the present invention provides a small-staturetibial baseplate, comprising: a tibial plateau comprising: a distalsurface sized and shaped to substantially cover a proximal resectedsurface of a tibia; a proximal surface opposite the distal surface, theproximal surface having a lateral compartment and a medial compartmentopposite the lateral compartment; and a peripheral wall extendingbetween the distal surface and the proximal surface; a tibial keelextending distally from a junction with the distal surface to anopposing distal tip, the tibial plateau defining a keel length betweenthe junction and the distal tip equal to about 27 mm, the tibial keelmonolithically formed with the tibial plateau and positioned thereuponso as to substantially coincide with an intramedullary canal of thetibia when the distal surface is placed upon the tibia, the tibial keelcomprising a first diameter at the junction between the distal surfaceand the tibial keel and a second diameter at the distal tip of thetibial keel, the first diameter and the second diameter equal to atleast 13 mm; and a medial fin and a lateral fin each spanning a portionof the junction between the tibial keel and the tibial plateau, themedial fin mating with the distal surface at the medial compartment, thelateral fin mating with the distal surface at the lateral compartment.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The above-mentioned and other features and advantages of this invention,and the manner of attaining them, will become more apparent and theinvention itself will be better understood by reference to the followingdescription of embodiments of the invention taken in conjunction withthe accompanying drawings, wherein:

FIG. 1A is an exploded, perspective view of a tibial baseplate andtibial bearing component in accordance with the present disclosure;

FIG. 1B is an assembled, perspective view of the tibial baseplate andtibial bearing component shown in 1A;

FIG. 2A is a top plan view of the peripheries of a set of nine tibialbaseplates made in accordance with the present disclosure, in which theperipheries are shown to scale according to the illustrated scales inmillimeters in the bottom and right-hand margins of the page;

FIG. 2B is a top plan view of the periphery of a tibial baseplate madein accordance with the present disclosure;

FIG. 2C is a graph illustrating the asymmetric growth of theposterior-medial compartment for the tibial baseplates shown in FIG. 2A;

FIG. 2D is a graph illustrating the asymmetric growth of theposterior-lateral compartment for the tibial baseplates shown in FIG.2A;

FIG. 3A is top plan view of a periphery of a tibial baseplate made inaccordance with the present disclosure, illustrating various arcsdefined by the periphery;

FIG. 3B is a partial, top plan view of the periphery shown in FIG. 3A,illustrating an alternative lateral corner periphery;

FIG. 3C is a partial, top plan view of the periphery shown in FIG. 3A,illustrating an alternative medial corner periphery;

FIG. 3D is a top plan view of the periphery of a tibial baseplate madein accordance with the present disclosure, illustrating medial andlateral surface area calculations without a PCL cutout;

FIG. 4A is a top plan view of a tibial baseplate made in accordance withthe present disclosure;

FIG. 4B is a side elevation view of the tibial baseplate shown in FIG.4A;

FIG. 5 is a top plan view of a resected proximal tibial surface with aprosthetic tibial baseplate component and tibial bearing component madein accordance with the present disclosure mounted thereon;

FIG. 6 is a top plan view of a resected proximal tibial surface with aproperly sized tibial trial component thereon;

FIG. 7 is a side, elevation view of the tibia and trial component shownin FIG. 6;

FIG. 8 is a side, elevation view of the tibial components shown in FIG.1A, in conjunction with a femoral component;

FIG. 9 is a bottom, perspective view of a small stature tibial baseplatemade in accordance with the present disclosure;

FIG. 10 is a front coronal, elevation view of the small stature tibialbaseplate shown in FIG. 9, together with a tibial stem extension; and

FIG. 11 is a rear coronal, perspective view of another small staturetibial baseplate, shown with the tibial stem extension of FIG. 10.

Corresponding reference characters indicate corresponding partsthroughout the several views. The exemplifications set out hereinillustrate exemplary embodiments of the invention, and suchexemplifications are not to be construed as limiting the scope of theinvention in any manner.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The present disclosure provides an asymmetric knee joint prosthesiswhich facilitates proper rotational and spatial orientation of a tibialbaseplate and tibial bearing component upon a resected proximal tibia,while also offering large-area contact with the resected proximal tibia.The prosthesis permits a wide range of flexion motion, protects naturalsoft tissue proximate the knee joint prosthesis, and optimizes long termfixation characteristics of the prosthesis.

In order to prepare the tibia and femur for receipt of a knee jointprosthesis of the present disclosure, any suitable methods orapparatuses may be used. As used herein, “proximal” refers to adirection generally toward the torso of a patient, and “distal” refersto the opposite direction of proximal, i.e., away from the torso of thepatient.

As used herein, the “periphery” of a tibial prosthesis refers to anyperiphery as viewed in a top plan view, e.g., in a generally transverseanatomical plane. Alternatively, the periphery of a tibial prosthesismay be any periphery as viewed in bottom plan view, e.g., in a generallytransverse plane and looking at the distal surface adapted to contact aresected proximal surface of a tibial bone.

As used herein, the term “centroid” or “geometric center” refers to theintersection of all straight lines that divide a given area into twoparts of equal moment about each respective line. Stated another way, ageometric center may be said to be the “average” (i.e., arithmetic mean)of all points of the given area. Stated yet another way, the geometriccenter is a point in a two dimensional figure from which the sum of thedisplacement vectors of all points on the figure equals zero.

As used herein, a “disparity” or “difference” between two numericalvalues (e.g., one value “larger” or “smaller” than another), typicallyexpressed as a percentage, is the difference between the two valuesdivided by the smaller of the two values. For example, a smallerquantity having value 75 and a larger quantity having value 150 wouldhave a percentage disparity of (150−75)/75, or 100%.

Referring to FIG. 5, tibia T includes tibial tubercle B havingmediolateral width W, with tubercle midpoint P_(T) located on tubercle Bapproximately halfway across width W. While tubercle B is shown ashaving midpoint P_(T) at the “peak” or point of maximum anterioreminence, it is recognized that midpoint P_(T) of tibia T may be spacedfrom such a peak. Tibia T also includes attachment point C_(P)representing the geometric center of the attachment area between theanatomic posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) and tibia T. Recognizing thatthe PCL typically attaches to a tibia in two ligament “bundles,” one ofwhich is relatively anterior, lateral and proximal and the other ofwhich relatively posterior, medial and distal, attachment point C_(P) iscontemplated as representing the anterior/lateral attachment area in anexemplary embodiment. However, it is contemplated that theposterior/medial attachment area, or the entire attachment area, couldbe used.

As used herein, “anterior” refers to a direction generally toward thefront of a patient. “Posterior” refers to the opposite direction ofanterior, toward the back of the patient.

In the context of patient anatomy, “home axis” A_(H) refers to agenerally anteroposterior axis extending from posterior point C_(P) toan anterior point C_(A), in which anterior point C_(A) is disposed ontubercle B and medially spaced from tubercle midpoint P_(T) by an amountequal to W/6. Stated another way, anterior point C_(A) is laterallyspaced by an amount equal to W/3 from the medial end of mediolateralwidth W, such that point C_(A) lies on the “medial third” of theanterior tibial tubercle.

In the context of a prosthesis, such as tibial baseplate 12 describedbelow, “home axis” A_(H) refers to an axis oriented with respect tobaseplate 12 such that the baseplate home axis A_(H) of baseplate 12 isaligned with home axis A_(H) of tibia T after implantation of baseplate12 in a proper rotational and spatial orientation (as shown in FIG. 5).In the illustrative embodiments shown in FIG. 3 and described in detailbelow, home axis A_(H) bisects PCL cutout 28 at the posterior edge ofperiphery 200 of tibial plateau 18 (FIG. 5), and bisects anterior edge202 at the anterior edge of periphery 200 of tibial plateau 18. It iscontemplated that home axis A_(H) may be oriented to other baseplatefeatures, it being understood home axis A_(H) of baseplate 12 ispositioned such that that proper alignment and orientation of baseplate12 upon tibia T positions the home axis A_(H) of baseplate 12 coincidentwith home axis A_(H) of tibia T.

Home axis A_(H) of tibial baseplate 12 may be said to be ananteroposterior axis, as home axis A_(H) extends generally anteriorlyand posteriorly when baseplate 12 is implanted upon tibia T. Tibialbaseplate also defines mediolateral axis A_(ML), which lies along thelongest line segment contained within periphery 200 that is alsoperpendicular to home axis A_(H) of baseplate 12. As described below,home axis A_(H) and mediolateral axis A_(ML) cooperate to define acoordinate system useful for quantifying certain baseplate features inaccordance with the present disclosure.

The embodiments shown and described with regard to FIGS. 1A, 1B, 3A, 4A,4B, 5 and 6 illustrate a left knee and associated features of aright-knee prosthesis, while the embodiments shown and described inFIGS. 2A, 2B and 3D illustrate the periphery of a right knee prosthesis.Right and left knee configurations are mirror images of one anotherabout a sagittal plane. Thus, it will be appreciated that all aspects ofthe prosthesis described herein are equally applicable to a left- orright-knee configuration.

1. Asymmetry of the Tibial Prosthesis.

Referring now to FIGS. 1A and 1B, tibial prosthesis 10 includes tibialbaseplate 12 and tibial bearing component 14. Tibial baseplate 12 mayinclude a stem or keel 16 (FIG. 4B) extending distally from proximaltibial plateau 18, or may utilize other fixation structures for securingbaseplate 12 to tibia T, such as distally extending pegs. Portions ofthe outer periphery defined by tibial plateau 18 closely correspond insize and shape with a resected proximal surface of tibia T, as describedin detail below.

Tibial bearing component 14 and tibial baseplate 12 have a particularasymmetry, with respect to home axis A_(H) (shown in FIG. 2A anddescribed above), that is designed to maximize tibial coverage for alarge proportion of knee-replacement candidates. This high level ofcoverage allows a surgeon to cover the largest possible area on theproximal resected surface of the tibia, which in turn offers maximumcoverage of cortical bone. Advantageously, the maximized coverage ofcortical bone facilitates superior support of tibial baseplate 12. Afirm, enduring fixation of tibial baseplate 12 to tibia T is facilitatedby large-area contact between the cortical and cancellous bone of tibiaT and distal surface 35 of tibial plateau 18 (FIG. 4B), which may becoated with porous ingrowth material and/or bone cement.

In an analysis of a several human specimens, variations in size andgeometry for a variety of anatomic tibial features were observed andcharacterized. Geometrical commonalities between anatomic features, orlack thereof, were noted. Mean tibial peripheral geometries werecalculated based on statistical analysis and extrapolation of thecollected anatomical data, in view of the observed geometricalcommonalities organized around anatomic home axis A_(H). Thesecalculated mean geometries were categorized by tibial size.

A comparison between the asymmetric peripheries for the present familyof prostheses and the calculated mean tibial geometries was conducted.Based on the results of this comparison, it has been found thatsubstantial tibial coverage can be achieved for a large proportion ofpatients using tibial components having asymmetric peripheries inaccordance with the present disclosure. Moreover, this coverage can beachieved with a relatively small number of sizes, even where particularportions of the prosthesis periphery is intentionally “pulled back” fromthe tibial periphery in order to confer other orthopaedic benefits.Further, the particular asymmetry of tibial baseplate 12 can be expectedto offer such coverage without overhanging any portion of the resectedsurface.

Thus, periphery 200 including the particular asymmetric profile asdescribed below confers the benefits of maximum coverage, facilitationof proper rotation (discussed below), and long-term fixation asdescribed herein. Such asymmetry may be demonstrated in various ways,including: by a comparison of adjacent radii in the medial and lateralcompartments of the asymmetric periphery; by a comparison of the edgelength in anterior-medial and anterior lateral corners of the periphery,for a comparable lateral and medial angular sweep; and by a comparisonof the location of radius centers for the anterior-medial andanterior-lateral corners with respect to a mediolateral axis. Variouscomparisons and quantifications are presented in detail below. Specificdata and other geometric details of the peripheries for the variousprosthesis sizes, from which the below-identified comparisons andquantifications are derived, may be obtained from the draw-to-scaleperipheries shown in FIG. 2A.

Advantageously, the asymmetry of tibial component 12 encourages properrotational orientation of baseplate 12 upon implantation thereof ontotibia T. As described in detail below, the asymmetry of periphery 200(FIG. 2A) of tibial plateau 18 is designed to provide a close match inselected areas of the lateral and medial compartments as compared to theanatomic bone. As such, a surgeon can select the largest possiblecomponent from among a family of different component sizes, such thatthe component substantially covers the resected tibia T with minimalgaps between the tibial periphery and component periphery 200, as wellas little or no overhang over any portions of the tibial periphery.Because the high congruence between prosthesis periphery 200 and thetibial periphery produces only a minimal gap between the peripheries (asshown in FIG. 5), tibial baseplate 12 cannot be rotated significantlywithout causing tibial plateau 18 to overhang beyond the periphery ofthe resected tibial surface. Thus, proper rotation of baseplate 12 canbe ascertained by the visual acuity between prosthesis periphery 200 andthe resected tibial surface.

The following examples and data are presented with respect to tibialbaseplate 12. However, as described in more detail below, tibial bearingcomponent 14 defines perimeter wall 54 which follows peripheral wall 25of baseplate 12 except where noted. Thus, it is appreciated that theconclusions, trends and design features gleaned from data relating tothe asymmetric periphery of tibial baseplate 12 also applies to theasymmetric periphery of tibial bearing component 14, except where statedotherwise.

Lateral compartment 20 and medial compartment 22 of tibial plateau 18are dissimilar in size and shape, giving rise to the asymmetry thereof.This asymmetry is designed so that peripheral wall 25 traces theperimeter of the resected proximal surface of tibia T, such that tibialplateau 18 covers a large proportion of the resected proximal tibialsurface as shown in FIG. 5. To achieve this large tibial coverage,tibial plateau 18 closely matches the periphery of tibia T in most areasas noted above. Nevertheless, as shown in FIG. 5, for example, a smallgap between periphery 200 of tibial plateau 18 and tibia T is formed toallow some freedom of positioning and rotational orientation. The gap isdesigned to have a substantially continuous width in most areas,including the anterior edge, anterior-medial corner, medial edge,lateral edge and lateral-posterior corner (all described in detailbelow).

However, certain aspects of the asymmetric shape are designed tointentionally deviate from the calculated anatomical shape to conferparticular features and advantages in the context of a complete,implanted knee prosthesis. Referring to FIG. 5, for example, tibialbaseplate 12 and tibial bearing component 14 have anterior-lateral“corners” (described in detail below) which are “pulled back” to creategap 56 between tibia T and prosthesis 10 in the anterior-lateral area ofthe resected surface of tibia T. Advantageously, gap 56 creates extraspace for “soft-tissue friendly” edges of prosthesis 10, therebyminimizing impingement of the iliotibial band. In an exemplaryembodiment, gap 56 may range from 0.5 mm for a small-size prosthesis(such as size 1/A described below), to 1 mm for a medium-sizedprosthesis (such as size 5/E described below), to 2 mm for a large-sizedprosthesis (such as size 9/J described below).

Similarly, the posterior edge of the medial compartment may be “pulledback” from the adjacent edge of tibia T to define gap 58. Gap 58 allowsextra space for adjacent soft tissues, particularly in deep flexion asdescribed below. Gap 58 also allows prosthesis 10 to be rotated about alateral pivot by a small amount, thereby offering a surgeon the freedomto displace medial compartment 22 posteriorly as required or desired fora particular patient. In an exemplary embodiment, gap 58 is about 4 mm.

As described in detail below, the asymmetrical periphery also provides alarge overall area for proximal surface 34 of baseplate 12, whichcreates sufficient space for large contact areas between tibial bearingcomponent 14 and femoral component 60 (FIG. 8).

a. Medial/Lateral Peripheral Curvatures

The particular asymmetric shape of tibial plateau 18 (and of tibialbearing component 14, which defines a similar periphery as describedbelow) gives rise to a generally “boxy” or angular periphery in lateralcompartment 20, and a “rounded” or soft periphery in medial compartment22.

Turning to FIG. 3A, the periphery 200 of tibial plateau 18 surroundslateral compartment 20 and medial compartment 22, each of which define aplurality of lateral and medial arcs extending between anterior edge 202and lateral and medial posterior edges 204, 206 respectively. In theillustrative embodiment of FIG. 3A, anterior edge 202, lateral posterioredge 204 and medial posterior edge 206 are substantially planar andparallel for ease of reference. However, it is contemplated that edges202, 204, 206 may take on other shapes and configurations within thescope of the present disclosure, such as angled or arcuate.

In the exemplary embodiment of FIG. 3A, lateral compartment 20 includesfive separate arcs including lateral anterior edge arc 208,anterior-lateral corner arc 210, lateral edge arc 212, posterior-lateralcorner arc 214, and lateral posterior edge arc 216. Each of lateral arcs208, 210, 212, 214 and 216 defines angular sweep 1L, 2L, 3L, 4L and 5L,respectively, having radii R1L, R2L, R3L, R4L and R5L respectively. Aradius of a particular angular sweep extends from the respective radiuscenter (i.e., one of centers C1L, C2L, C3L, C4L and C5L) to periphery200. Radii R1L, R2L, R3L, R4L, and R5L each remain unchanged throughoutthe extent of angular sweeps 1L, 2L, 3L, 4L and 5L, respectively.

Similarly, medial compartment 22 includes three separate arcs includinganterior-medial corner arc 220, medial edge arc 222 andposterior-lateral corner arc 224, defining angular sweeps 1R, 2R and 3R,respectively having radii R1R, R2R and R3R respectively.

In FIG. 2A, peripheries 200 _(X) are shown for each of nineprogressively larger component sizes, with 200 ₁ being the periphery ofthe smallest size (size “1” or “A”) and 200 ₉ being the periphery of thelargest size (size “9” or “J”). For purposes of the present disclosure,several quantities and features of tibial baseplate 12 may be describedwith the subscript “X” appearing after the reference numeralcorresponding to a component size as set for in the Tables, Figures anddescription below. The subscript “X” indicates that the referencenumeral applies to all nine differently-sized embodiments described andshown herein.

In exemplary embodiments, medial and lateral radii may be any valuewithin the following ranges: for medial radius R1R_(X), between about 27mm and about 47 mm; for medial radius R2R_(X), between about 21 mm andabout 49 mm; for medial radius R3R_(X), between about 14 mm and about 31mm; for lateral radius R1L_(X), between about 46 mm and about 59 mm; forlateral radius R2L_(X), between about 13 mm and about 27 mm; for lateralradius R3L_(X) between about 27 mm and about 46 mm; for lateral radiusR4L_(X) between about 6 mm and about 4 mm; and for lateral radiusR5L_(X) between about 22 mm and about 35 mm.

In exemplary embodiments, medial and lateral angular extents or sweepsmay be any value within the following ranges: for medial angle 1R_(X),between about 13 degrees and about 71 degrees; for medial angle 2R_(X),between about 23 degrees and about 67 degrees; for medial angle 3R_(X),between about 23 degrees and about 90 degrees; for lateral angle 1L_(X),between about 11 degrees and about 32 degrees; for lateral angle 2L_(X),between about 42 degrees and about 63 degrees; for lateral angle 3L_(X),between about 23 degrees and about 47 degrees; for lateral angle 4L_(X),between about 36 degrees and about 46 degrees; and for lateral angle5L_(X), between about 28 degrees and about 67 degrees;

The unique asymmetry of periphery 200 defined by tibial plateau 18 canbe quantified in multiple ways with respect to the curvatures of lateraland medial compartments 20 and 22 as defined by the arrangement andgeometry of lateral arcs 208, 210, 212, 214, 216 and medial arcs 220,222, 224.

One measure of the asymmetry of periphery 200 is found in a simplecomparison of radii R2L and R1R, which are the anterior “corner” radiiof lateral and medial compartments 20 and 22 respectively. Generallyspeaking, a corner of a baseplate periphery may be said to be thatportion of the periphery where a transition from an anterior orposterior edge to a lateral or medial edge occurs. For example, in theillustrative embodiment of FIG. 3A, the anterior-lateral corner isprincipally occupied by anterior-lateral corner arc 210, which defines asubstantially medial-lateral tangent at the anterior end of arc 210 anda substantially anteroposterior tangent at the lateral end of arc 210.Similarly, the medial corner of periphery 200 is principally occupied byanterior-medial corner arc 220, which defines a substantiallymedial-lateral tangent at the anterior end of arc 220 and a moreanteroposterior tangent at the lateral end of arc 220. For somepurposes, the anterior-medial corner of periphery 200 may be said toinclude a portion of medial edge arc 222, as described below.

A periphery corner may also be defined by a particular angular sweepwith respect to an anteroposterior reference axis. Such reference axismay extend posteriorly from an anterior-most point of a tibialprosthesis (e.g., from the center of anterior edge 202 of periphery 200)to divide the prosthesis into medial and lateral halves. In asymmetrical prosthesis, the anteroposterior reference axis is the axisof symmetry.

In the illustrative embodiment of FIG. 3A, the anteroposterior referenceaxis may be home axis A_(H), such that the anterior-medial corner ofperiphery 200 occupies some or all of the 90-degree clockwise angularsweep between home axis A_(H) (at zero degrees, i.e., the beginning ofthe clockwise sweep) and mediolateral axis A_(ML) (at 90 degrees, i.e.,the end of the sweep). Similarly, the anterior-lateral corner ofperiphery 200 occupies some or all of the 90-degree counter-clockwiseangular sweep between home axis A_(H) and mediolateral axis A_(ML).

For example, the anterior-medial and anterior-lateral corners may eachoccupy the central 45 degree angular sweep of their respective 90-degreeangular sweeps as described above. Thus, the anterior-lateral corner ofperiphery 200 would begin at a position rotated 22.5 degreescounter-clockwise from home axis A_(H) as described above, and would endat 67.5 degrees counter-clockwise from home axis A_(H). Similarly, theanterior-medial corner would begin at a 22.5-degree clockwise rotationand end at a 67.5 degree clockwise rotation.

It is contemplated that the anterior-lateral and anterior-medial cornersmay occupy any angular sweep as required or desired for a particulardesign. For purposes of comparison between two corners in a givenprosthesis periphery, however, a comparable angular sweep for thelateral and medial sides is envisioned, i.e., the extent and location ofthe compared angles may be “mirror images” of one another about ananteroposterior axis. For example, in a comparison of anterior-lateraland anterior-medial radii R2L, R1R, it is contemplated that suchcomparison is calculated across lateral and medial angular sweeps whicheach begin and end at similar angular end points with respect to thechosen reference axis (e.g., home axis A_(H)).

As best seen in FIGS. 3A and 5, one aspect of the asymmetric peripheryof baseplate 12 arises from R1R_(X) being substantially larger thanR2L_(X). Table 1, below, also includes a comparison of radii R1R_(X) andR2L_(X) across nine exemplary component sizes, demonstrating thatdifference Δ-12RL between radius R1R_(X) and radius R2L_(X) may be aslittle as 48%, 76% or 78%, and may be as much as 102%, 103% or 149%. Itis contemplated that radius R1R_(X) may be larger than radius R2L_(X) byany percentage value within any range defined by the listed values.

TABLE 1 Comparisons of Values of Respective Medial and Lateral AnteriorCorner Radii Δ-12RL SIZE R1R vs. R2L 1/A 103.0% 2/B 149.2% 3/C 82.4% 4/D74.6% 5/E 90.9% 6/F 78.6% 7/G 102.2% 8/H 86.5% 9/J 48.1% AVG 90.6% All Δvalues are expressed as the difference between a given pair of radii,expressed as a percentage of the smaller of the two radii

Stated another way, the smaller R2L_(X) makes a sharper turn, therebyimparting a relatively more “boxy” appearance to the anterior corner oflateral compartment 20, while the relatively larger radius R1R_(X) makesa more gradual turn that imparts a more “rounded” appearance to theanterior corner of medial compartment 22. In the exemplary nine sizesillustrated in FIG. 2A and shown in Table 1, an average disparitybetween the lateral and medial anterior corner radii R2L_(X) and R1R_(X)is greater than 90%. In some sizes of periphery 200 _(X), theanterior-medial “corner” making the more gradual turn may also includesmedial edge arc 222.

As described in detail below, this “rounded-medial/boxy-lateral”asymmetry of the anterior corners of tibial plateau facilitates andencourages proper rotational orientation and positioning of baseplate 12upon tibia T upon implantation by allowing periphery 200 to closelymatch the periphery of a typical resected tibia T (FIG. 5), while alsomaximizing the surface area of proximal surface 34 of tibial plateau toallow for use of a tibial bearing component 14 with a concomitantlylarge proximal surface area.

As noted above, the small-radius “corner” defined by angle 2L may beconsidered to have a similar angular sweep as a large-radius “corner”defined by angles 1R, 2R (or a combination of portions thereof) forpurposes of comparing the two radii. Given this comparable angularsweep, another measure of the asymmetry defined by the medial andlateral anterior corners is the arc length of the corners. Moreparticularly, because medial radii R1R_(X) and R2R_(X) are larger thanlateral radius R2L_(X) (as described above), it follows that the medialcorner has a larger arc length as compared to the lateral corner arclength for a given angular sweep.

Moreover, while the peripheries of laterl and medial compartments 20, 22are shown as being generally rounded and therefore defining respectiveradii, it is contemplated that an asymmetric periphery in accordancewith the present disclosure need not define a radius per se, but rathercould include one or more straight line segments which, on the whole,define asymmetric corner edge lengths in the medial and lateralcompartments. Referring to FIG. 3B, for example, it is contemplated thatan alternative anterior lateral corner 210′ could be comprised of threeline segments 210A, 210B, 210C which cooperate to span angular extent2L. Similarly, an alternative anterior medial corner 220′ could becomprised of three line segments 220A, 220B, 220C which cooperate tospan angular extent 1R. Any of the other arcs which define periphery 200could be similarly configured as one or more line segments. In thevariant illustrated by FIGS. 3B and 3C, the difference between cornerradii would not be an appropriate measure of asymmetry because thestraight line segments would not define radii. Asymmetry of the medialand lateral anterior corners would instead be quantified by comparisonof the respective lengths of the medial and lateral corner edges acrosscomparable medial and lateral angular extents.

Yet another way to quantify the asymmetry of the anterior corner arcs(i.e., anterior-lateral corner arc 210 and anterior-medial corner arc220) is to compare the distance of the lateral and medial radius centersC2L and C1R respectively, from anterior edge 202 and/or mediolateralaxis A_(ML) (FIG. 3A). In the boxy anterior-lateral corner, centerC2L_(X) of radius R2L_(X) is anterior of mediolateral axis A_(ML) andrelatively close to anterior edge 202. For the rounded, anterior-medialcorner, centers C1R_(X) and C2R_(X) of radii R1R_(X) and R2R_(X),respectively, are posterior of mediolateral axis A_(ML) and relativelyfar from anterior edge 202.

Another metric for quantifying the “boxy vs. rounded” asymmetry ofperiphery 200 is a comparison between ratios of adjacent radii. In themore boxy lateral compartment 20, pairs of adjacent radii define largeratios because the large edge radii (i.e., of lateral anterior edge arc208, lateral edge arc 212 and lateral posterior edge arc 216) are muchlarger than the adjacent corner radii (i.e., of anterior-lateral cornerarc 210 and posterior-lateral corner arc 214). On the other hand, in themore rounded medial compartment 22, pairs of adjacent radii define smallratios (i.e., nearly 1:1) because the radii of the medial arcs (i.e.,anterior-medial corner arc 220, medial edge arc 222 and posterior-medialcorner arc 224) are of similar magnitude.

In the illustrated embodiment of FIG. 3A, lateral edge arc 212 isconsidered an “edge” because arc 212 defines tangent 212A which issubstantially perpendicular to anterior edge 202. Just as a “corner” maybe considered to be the portion of periphery 200 which makes atransition from anterior or posterior to medial or lateral, an edge isthat portion of periphery 200 which encompasses the anterior, posterior,medial or lateral terminus of periphery 200.

Similarly, medial edge arc 222 defines tangent 222A which is alsosubstantially perpendicular to anterior edge 202. The medial “edge” ofperiphery 200 may be part of the same arc that extends around theanterior-medial corner and/or the anterior-lateral corner, as the medialarcs are similar. Indeed, as noted herein, medial compartment 22 mayhave a single arc which extends from anterior edge 202 to medialposterior edge 206.

Table 2 shows a comparison between adjacent-radii ratios for lateral andmedial compartments 20 and 22. For each adjacent pair of radii, thedifference between the radii magnitudes are expressed as a percentage ofthe smaller radius of the pair, as noted above.

TABLE 2 Comparisons of Values of Respective Pairs of BaseplatePeripheral Radii Δ-12R Δ-23R Δ-12L Δ-23L Δ-34L Δ-45L R1R vs. R2R vs. R1Lvs. R2L vs. R3L vs. R4L vs. SIZE R2R R3R R2L R3L R4L R5L 1/A 18.3% 58.6%337.3% 141.8% 323.5% 194.1% 2/B 49.0% 62.0% 254.1% 96.7% 361.5% 315.4%3/C 24.0% 48.8% 247.1% 58.8% 203.4% 214.6% 4/D 44.2% 34.4% 207.0% 59.2%213.9% 244.4% 5/E 23.3% 57.9% 151.5% 80.6% 250.0% 250.0% 6/F 46.5% 37.6%122.6% 42.9% 222.6% 260.2% 7/G 25.3% 38.9% 110.8% 64.5% 264.3% 176.2%8/H 73.6% 21.3% 109.0% 80.9% 198.1% 142.6% 9/J 21.9% 61.2% 70.4% 68.5%264.0% 172.0% AVG 36.2% 46.7% 178.9% 77.1% 255.7% 218.8% All Δ valuesare expressed as the difference between a given pair of radii, expressedas a percentage of the smaller of the two radii

As illustrated in Table 2, the “boxy” periphery of lateral compartment20 gives rise to disparity values Δ-12L, Δ-23L, Δ-34L and Δ-45L that areat least 42%, 48% or 59%, and as great as 323%, 337% or 362%. It iscontemplated that the disparity between a pair of adjacent radii in theboxy periphery of lateral compartment 20 may be any percentage valuewithin any range defined by any of the listed values. It is alsocontemplated that the lateral disparity values may be substantiallyhigher, as required or desired for a particular application.

Meanwhile, the “rounded” periphery of medial compartment gives rise todisparity values Δ-12R and Δ-23R that are as small as 21%, 23% or 25%,and no greater than 61%, 62% or 74%. It is contemplated that thedisparity between a pair of adjacent radii in the rounded periphery ofmedial compartment 22 may be any value within any range defined by anyof the listed values. It is also contemplated that the medial disparityvalues may be less than 21%, and as little as zero %, as required ordesired for a particular application.

Moreover, the boxy shape of lateral compartment 20 and rounded shape ofmedial compartment 22 is also demonstrated by the number of arcs used todefine the portion of periphery 200 in lateral and medial compartments20, 22. In lateral compartment 20, five arcs (i.e., arcs 208, 210, 212,204, 216) are used to define the lateral periphery, which is indicativeof anterior, lateral and posterior “sides” of a box joined by therelatively sharp transitions of corner arcs 210, 214. On the other hand,medial compartment 22 uses only three radii (i.e., 220, 222, 224),leaving no clear definition of any box “sides” or other transitions.Indeed, it is contemplated that medial compartment 22 could joinanterior edge 202 to medial posterior edge 206 by a single radius withinthe scope of the present disclosure.

b. Surface Area of Medial and Lateral Baseplate Compartments

Referring still to FIG. 3A, yet another characterization of theasymmetry of periphery 200 arises from disparities in surface area forlateral and medial compartments 20, 22. For purposes of the presentdisclosure, surface area of lateral compartment SAL is that areacontained within periphery 200, and on the lateral side of home axisA_(H). Similarly, the surface area of medial compartment 22 is that areacontained within periphery 200, and on the m side of home axis A_(H).

In an exemplary embodiment, lateral surface area SAL_(X) may be aslittle as 844 mm² or may be as much as 1892 mm², or may be any areawithin the range defined by the foregoing values. In an exemplaryembodiment, medial surface area SAM_(X) may be as little as 899 mm² ormay be as much as 2140 mm², or may be any area within the range definedby the foregoing values.

Surfaces areas SAL and SAM do not include any of the area occupied byPCL cutout 28, as any such area is not within periphery 200. However,the asymmetry of surface areas SAL and SAM arises primarily from thedifferences in the geometry and placement of arcs 208, 210, 212, 214,216, 220, 222, 224 rather than from any asymmetry of PCL cutout 28. Inthe illustrative embodiments of FIG. 2A, for example, PCL cutout 28 _(X)is symmetrical with respect to home axis A_(H), but extends furtherposteriorly in medial compartment 22.

Thus, it is contemplated that the asymmetry of surfaces areas SAL, SAMare little changed by exclusion of the PCL cutout 28 from the areacalculation. As illustrated in FIG. 3D, PCL cutout 28 is effectivelyexcluded from calculation by extrapolating the line formed by lateralposterior edge 204 and medial posterior edge 206 inwardly to intersectwith home axis A_(H). In lateral compartment 20, such extrapolationcooperates with the lateral side of PCL cutout 28 to define lateral fillarea 80. In medial compartment 22, such extrapolation cooperates withthe medial side of PCL cutout 28 to define medial fill area 82.

In the illustrative embodiment of FIG. 3D, lateral surface area SAL_(X)′may be as little as 892 mm² or may be as much as 2066 mm², or may be anyarea within the range defined by the foregoing values. In an exemplaryembodiment, medial surface area SAM_(X)′ may be as little as 986 mm² ormay be as much as 2404 mm², or may be any area within the range definedby the foregoing values.

Tables 3 and 4 below illustrate that medial surface area SAM_(X)occupies a greater percentage of the total surface area contained withinperiphery 200 _(X), regardless of whether PCL cutout 28 is included inthe calculation. That is to say, medial fill area 82 is larger thanlateral fill area 80 by approximately the same proportion as medial andlateral surfaces areas SAM_(X), SAL_(X). In the exemplary embodiments ofFIG. 3A, medial surface area SAM_(X) occupies between 52% and 53% of thetotal surface area regardless, while lateral surface area SAM_(X)occupies the remainder. if the PCL cutout is excluded from thecalculation as shown in FIG. 3D, medial surface area SAM_(X)′ occupiesbetween 52% and 54% of the total surface area, while lateral surfacearea SAM_(X)′ occupies the remainder. With or without the PCL cutoutincluded in the calculation, it is contemplated that medial surfaceareas SAM_(X), SAM_(X)′ may occupy as little as 51% of the total surfacearea, and as much as 60% of the total surface area.

TABLE 3 Medial vs. Lateral Tibial Baseplate Surface Areas for Baseplateswith a PCL Cutout (FIGS. 2A and 3A) With PCL Notch Medial Surface AreaSAM_(x) Site as % of Total Surface Area 1/A 52% 2/B 52% 3/C 52% 4/D 52%5/E 52% 6/F 52% 7/G 53% 8/H 53% 9/J 53%

TABLE 4 Medial vs. Lateral Tibial Baseplate Surface Areas for Baseplateswithout a PCL Cutout (FIG. 3D) Without PCL Notch Medial Surface AreaSAM_(x)′ Size as % of Total Surface Area 1/A 53% 2/B 52% 3/C 53% 4/D 53%5/E 53% 6/F 53% 7/G 53% 8/H 54% 9/J 54%

c. Anteroposterior Extent of Medial and Lateral Compartments

Still another way to characterize and quantify the asymmetry of tibialperiphery 200 is to compare the overall anteroposterior extent oflateral and medial compartments 20, 22.

Turning to FIG. 2A (which is drawn to scale, according to scales 230 and232) and FIG. 2B, lateral compartment 20 of tibial plateau 18 definesoverall lateral anteroposterior extent DAPL_(X), while medialcompartment 22 of tibial plateau 18 defines overall medialanteroposterior extent DAPM_(X), where X is an integer between 1 and 9corresponding to a particular component size as shown in FIG. 2A, asnoted above. As illustrated in Table 5 below, lateral anteroposteriorextent DAPL_(X) is less than medial anteroposterior extent DAPL_(X), forall component sizes.

This disparity in anteroposterior extent can be said to result frommedial compartment 22 extending posteriorly further than lateralcompartment 20. In the illustrative embodiment of FIG. 2B, lateralanteroposterior extent DAPL_(X) extends from anterior edge 202 tolateral posterior edge 204, while medial anteroposterior extent DAPM_(X)extends from anterior edge 202 to medial posterior edge 206. Thus, ifone takes anterior edge 202 to be the anteroposterior “zero point,” theadditional anteroposterior extent defined by medial compartment 22 isdue entirely to the further posterior position of medial posterior edge206.

As set forth in the right-hand column of Table 5, exemplary embodimentsof tibial baseplate 12 may define medial anteroposterior extent DAPM_(X)that is larger than lateral anteroposterior extent DAPL_(X) by as littleas 12.1%, 12.2% or 12.4%, and as much as 13.7%, 14.2% or 14.5%. It iscontemplated that such disparity between medial and lateralanteroposterior extents DAPM_(X), DAPL_(X) may be any percentage withinany range defined by the listed values of Table 5. Advantageously, theparticular asymmetric arrangement of tibial baseplate 12 with respect toanteroposterior extent of lateral and medial compartments 20, 22facilitates substantially complete coverage of tibia T, withoutoverhanging the edge of tibia T, in a wide variety of patients.

TABLE 5 Overall A/P and M/L Dimensions for Tibial Baseplates (FIGS. 2Aand 2B) Growth in A/P Medial Growth in A/P Lateral Additional A/PDimension (DAPM), Dimension (DAPL), Extent of DAPM Size fromnext-smaller from next-smaller vs. DAPL, % of (X) size, mm size, mm DAPL1/A — — 14.5% 2/B 2.3 2.13 14.2% 3/C 2.4 2.25 13.7% 4/D 2.3 2.27 13.1%5/E 3 2.8 12.7% 6/F 3.1 2.85 12.4% 7/G 3.2 2.81 12.5% 8/H 3.3 3.11 12.2%9/J 3.73 3.34 12.1%

For example, in an exemplary family of prosthesis sizes, at least 60%and as much as 90% coverage of the resected proximal surface is providedby tibial plateau 18 of tibial baseplate 12 when rotation is limited to±5 degrees from home axis A_(H). In a majority of all patients, suchcoverage is between 75-85%. Coverage of up to 100% may be achievedwithin the scope of the present disclosure, such as by fully extendingthe posterior-medial and anterior-lateral coverage of tibial plateau(which intentionally leave gaps between tibial plateau 18 and theperiphery of tibia T as noted herein).

The additional posteromedial material of tibial plateau 18 includeschamfer 32, described in detail below with respect to the assembly oftibial baseplate 12 to tibial bearing component 14. Chamfer 32 is formedin peripheral wall 25, such that chamfer 32 forms angle α (FIG. 8) withthe distal or bone-contacting surface 35 of tibial plateau 18. In theillustrated embodiment, chamfer 32 defines a substantially linearsagittal cross-sectional profile, with angle α between about 35 degreesand about 55 degrees. In addition, it is contemplated that chamfer 32may have an arcuate profile in a sagittal, coronal and/or transverseplane, and may include convex or concave curvature as required ordesired for a particular application.

2. Progressive Peripheral Growth Between Implant Sizes

In addition to the asymmetry of each individual size/embodiment oftibial baseplate 12, described in detail above, the present disclosurealso provides asymmetry in the way periphery 200 grows from one size tothe next. Advantageously, this asymmetric peripheral growth accommodatesobserved growth trends in tibias T of differently-sized patients, whilealso preserving the optimal fit and coverage provided by baseplate 12,and offering the other advantages of designs in accordance with thepresent disclosure as described herein.

In symmetrical peripheral growth, a larger size of baseplate is ascaled-up version of a smaller size and vice-versa. In the presentasymmetrical peripheral growth, by contrast, certain parameters oftibial baseplate 12 grow faster than others as the overall size of thebaseplate gets larger (i.e., from smallest size 1/A through largest size9/J). Thus, differently-sized components made in accordance with thepresent disclosure are not proportional to one another in all respects,in that a larger tibial prosthesis is not proportionally larger than asmaller tibial prosthesis in all aspects.

Referring now to FIG. 29, periphery 200 _(X) defines centroid C_(X),which is medially biased with respect to home axis A_(H) owing to medialsurface area SAM being larger than lateral surface area SAL (asdescribed in detail above). Posterior-medial distance DMP_(X) extendsfrom centroid C_(X) toward the posterior-medial “corner” of periphery200 _(X) (i.e., toward posterior-medial corner arc 224, shown in FIG. 3Aand described above) at an angle of 130 counter-clockwise degrees fromhome axis A_(H). Similarly, posterior-lateral distance DLP_(X) extendsfrom centroid C_(X) toward the posterior-lateral “corner” of periphery200 _(X) (i.e., toward posterior-lateral corner arc 214, shown in FIG.3A and described above) at an angle of 120 clockwise degrees from homeaxis A_(H). The posterior-lateral and posterior-medial corners aredefined in a similar fashion as the anterior-lateral and anterior-medialcorners, described in detail above. Moreover, while the asymmetricposterior-medial and posterior lateral growth among consecutive sizes isdescribed below with respect to distances DPL_(X), DMP_(X), such growthoccurs in the entire area occupied by the posterior-medial andposterior-lateral corners.

As illustrated in FIG. 2A and shown in Table 6 below, lateral- andmedial-posterior distances DLP_(X), DMP_(X) do not grow linearly assmallest size 1/A progresses among consecutive sizes to eventually reachlargest size 9/J. Rather, lateral- and medial-posterior distancesDLP_(X), DMP_(X) exhibit an increase in the magnitude of growth as thesizes progress consecutively from size 1/A to size 9/J. This non-linear,asymmetric growth is illustrated in the graphs of FIGS. 2C and 2D and inTable 6 below.

TABLE 6 Growth of the Posterior-Medial and Posterior-Lateral Corners ofBaseplate Periphery (FIGS. 2A and 2B) Growth in medial-posterior Growthin lateral-posterior distance DMP_(x) from centroid distance (DLP_(x))from centroid Size (C_(x)), compared to next-smaller (C_(x)), comparedto next-smaller (X) size, mm size, mm 1 — — 2 2.42 2.48 3 2.56 2.8 42.76 2.55 5 2.86 3.26 6 3.71 2.64 7 3.28 2.83 8 3.52 2.28 9 3.76 3.29

In FIG. 2C, the amount of growth in DMP_(X) is plotted against size no.X. As illustrated, the family of tibial baseplates 12 illustrated inFIG. 2A exhibit a steadily increasing growth in DMP_(X), with nearly 20%average increase in growth from one size to the next consecutive size(as represented by the slope of the linear trend line having equationy=0.1975x+2.0225).

In FIG. 2D, the amount of growth in DLP_(X) is plotted against size no.X, and illustrates a smaller, but still positive growth increase acrossbaseplate sizes. More specifically, the family of tibial baseplates 12illustrated in FIG. 2A exhibit a nearly 4% average increase in growthfrom one size to the next consecutive size (as represented by the slopeof the linear trend line having equation y=0.0392x±2.5508).

As used herein a “family” of prostheses refers to a set or kit ofprostheses sharing common geometrical and/or performancecharacteristics. For example, the family of nine tibial baseplates whoseperipheries 200 _(X) are shown in FIG. 2A share a common asymmetry asdescribed herein, such that each tibial baseplate is adapted to providesubstantial tibial coverage, facilitate proper implant rotation andavoid impingement with various soft tissues of the knee. Typically, afamily of prostheses includes a plurality of differently-sizedcomponents, with consecutively larger/smaller components sized toaccommodate a variety of differently-sized bones. In the exemplaryembodiments of the present disclosure, a size “1” or “A” prosthesis isthe smallest prosthesis of the family, a size “9” or “J” prosthesis isthe largest prosthesis of the family, and each of the intermediate sizes“2” or “B” through “8” or “H” are consecutively larger sizes.

Advantageously, in the family or kit of prosthesis peripheries shown inFIG. 2A, each tibial baseplate 12 (FIG. 1A) having periphery 200 _(X)provides a close match to a particular subset of patient tibias T havinga unique size and shape. Particular features of periphery 200 _(X) havebeen designed with non-linear growth which is calculated to provide theclosest possible fit for the largest number of particular naturalgeometries found in anatomic tibias T, as described in detail herein.This close fit allows for maximum coverage of the resected proximaltibial periphery 200 _(X), by accommodating the non-linear changes whichmay occur across anatomic tibial periphery sizes. Lateral- andmedial-posterior distances DLP_(X), DMP_(X) are exemplary non-lineargrowth parameters found in a family of tibial baseplates 12, and arereflective of non-linear growth in mediolateral extent DML_(X) andanteroposterior extents DAPM_(X) and DAPL_(X) across the various sizes.

3. Tibial Baseplates for Small-Stature Patients

As noted above, tibial baseplate 12 may be provided in a variety ofsizes each defining a unique periphery 200 _(X). Periphery 200 _(X) isdescribed for an exemplary family of baseplate sizes in U.S. PatentApplication Publication No. 2012/0022659, filed Jul. 22, 2011 andentitled ASYMMETRIC TIBIAL COMPONENTS FOR A KNEE PROSTHESIS, U.S. PatentApplication Publication No. 2012/0022660, filed Jul. 22, 2011 andentitled ASYMMETRIC TIBIAL COMPONENTS FOR A KNEE PROSTHESIS and U.S.Patent Application Publication No. 2012/0022658, filed Jul. 22, 2011 andentitled ASYMMETRIC TIBIAL COMPONENTS FOR A KNEE PROSTHESIS, each ofwhich claims the benefit under Title 35, U.S.C. §119(e) of U.S.Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/381,800, filed on Sep. 10,2010 and entitled TIBIAL PROSTHESIS FACILITATING ROTATIONAL ALIGNMENT,U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/367,375, filed Jul. 24,2010 and entitled TIBIAL PROSTHESIS. The entire disclosures of theaforementioned applications are hereby expressly incorporated byreference herein.

As described in detail below, the smallest two sizes of tibial baseplate12 include other unique features to accommodate the special needs ofsmaller stature patients. More particularly, these small sizes of tibialbaseplate 12 are not scaled down versions of the larger sizes, butinstead include unique geometries suited to the smaller bones for whichthey are designed. Further, because the small stature tibial baseplates12 have less material overall, special geometries are employed toselectively strengthen tibial baseplate 12 in areas where suchstrengthening would not be required for larger baseplate sizes.

In an exemplary embodiment, tibial baseplate 12 is considered “smallstature” for nominal sizes 1 and 2. For example, nominal size 1 oftibial baseplate 12 may define a medial/lateral extent DML₁ of about 57mm, a maximum anterior/posterior extent DAPM₁ of about 40 mm, and asurface area of about 1390 mm³ within periphery 200 ₁. Nominal size 2 oftibial baseplate 12 may define a medial/lateral extent DML₂ of about 61mm, a maximum anterior/posterior extent DAPM₂ of about 43 mm, and asurface area of about 1580 mm³ within periphery 200 ₂.

One special feature of the small-stature sizes of tibial baseplate 12 isthe shape of the outer surface of keel 16A extending distally fromproximal tibial plateau 18. In larger size tibial baseplate 12, such asbaseplate 12 shown in FIG. 4B, keel 16 defines a substantiallycylindrical outer profile. By contrast, FIG. 10 illustrates that keel16A of the small-stature size of tibial baseplate 12 has a generallyconical, tapered outer profile defining taper angle θ. In an exemplaryembodiment, angle θ may be about 9°. This 9° taper may be formed, forexample, by tapering keel 16A from a circular outer diameter of about17.1 mm at the proximal terminus of keel 16A (i.e., at the junctionbetween keel 16A and distal surface 35 of tibial plateau 18) to acircular diameter of approximately 13.4 mm at the distal terminus ofkeel 16A. Keel 16, on the other hand, maintains a diameter between about14 mm and about 16 mm that remains constant across the longitudinalextent. Moreover, prior art tibial baseplates include constant-diameterkeels in this diameter range, such as the Zimmer NexGen Stemmed TibialPlates and Natural Knee II Modular Cemented Tibial Plates. The NexGenStemmed Tibial Plates and Natural Knee II Modular Cemented Tibial Platesare shown at pages 14 and 28, respectively, of the “Zimmer® TibialBaseplate, Pocket Guide United States Version,” the entire disclosure ofwhich is hereby expressly incorporated herein by reference, a copy ofwhich is submitted on even date herewith in an information DisclosureStatement.

In an exemplary embodiment, keels 16, 16A are monolithically orintegrally formed with tibial plateau 18, though it is contemplated thatkeels 16, 16A may be separately attachable to tibial plateau 18.Further, in an exemplary embodiment keels 16, 16A themselves aremonolithically formed as a single piece, rather than being assembledfrom multiple partial pieces to form a complete keel.

Referring to FIGS. 9 and 10, another unique feature of small-staturesizes of tibial baseplate 12 is the geometry and arrangement of keelfins 17A as compared to keel fins 17 (FIG. 4B) of larger-stature sizesof baseplate 12. More particularly, fins 17A extend along less than theentire longitudinal extent of keel 16A, as best shown in FIG. 10, suchthat fins 17A terminate into the conical outer surface of keel 16A at adistance D_(F) above the distal tip of keel 16A. In an exemplaryembodiment, distance D_(F) is about 7 mm, or about 26% of overalllongitudinal extent PD_(KA) of keel 16A, such that fins 17A extend alongthe remaining 74% of longitudinal extent PD_(KA).

Keel fins 17A of small-stature sizes of tibial baseplate 12 also definekeel fin angle γ_(A) (FIG. 10) with respect to the longitudinal axis ofkeel 16A, which is larger than keel fin angle γ (FIG. 4B) defined byfins 17 of larger size tibial baseplate 12. In an exemplary embodiment,keel fin angle γ_(A) is equal to about 45°, as compared to keel finangle of about 22-27° defined by larger sizes of baseplate 12 and byprior art devices including the Zimmer NexGen MIS Stemmed baseplatesshown at pages 4-5 of the “Zimmer® Tibial Baseplate, Pocket Guide UnitedStates Version,” the entire disclosure of which is hereby expresslyincorporated herein by reference, a copy of which is submitted on evendate herewith in an Information Disclosure Statement. The increasedmagnitude of keel fin angle γ_(A) concomitantly increases the overallmedial/lateral extent in ML_(KA) of keel fins 17A at the junction withtibial plateau 18 at distal surface 35 for a given proximal/distalextent of keel fins 17A. As illustrated in FIGS. 9 and 10,medial/lateral extent in ML_(KA) is the maximum medial/lateral distancedefined by the medial and lateral fins 17A at the junction thereof withtibial plateau 18. In the illustrated embodiment, medial and lateralfins 17A are the only fins provided as part of small-stature tibialbaseplate 12.

Provided that fins 17A extend along a substantial portion of thelongitudinal extent PD_(KA) of keel 16A (e.g., across 74% oflongitudinal extent PD_(KA), as noted above), medial/lateral keel extentML_(KA) may be equal to about 40 mm, which is commensurate with thecorresponding medial/lateral keel extent ML_(K) (FIG. 4B) of largersizes of tibial baseplate 12. Advantageously, the increasedmedial/lateral extent ML_(KA) defined by fins 17A of keel 16A presenthigh resistance to rotation of tibial baseplate 12 in vivo, and enhancethe overall strength of baseplate 12.

Yet another unique feature of keel 16A in small stature sizes of tibialbaseplate 12 is its overall longitudinal extent PD_(KA), which extendsin a generally proximal/distal direction as shown in FIG. 10.Longitudinal extent PD_(KA) of the small-stature sizes of tibialbaseplate 12 is substantially reduced with respect to longitudinalextent PD_(K) (FIG. 4B) of keel 16 in the larger sizes of tibialbaseplate 12, and with respect to small baseplate sizes in other,alternative tibial baseplate designs. In an exemplary embodiment,longitudinal extend PD_(KA) of small stature tibial keel 16A may beabout 27 mm, while longitudinal extent PD_(K) of larger tibial keel 16may range from about 39 mm to about 48 mm.

Advantageously, the above-described special geometries and features ofsmall stature tibial keel 16A prevent impingement of the conical outersurface of the body of keel 16A and/or fins 17A upon cortical bone whenimplanted upon the tibia of a small stature patient for which the smallstature sizes of tibial baseplate 12 are intended. More particularly,Applicant has found that cortical bone impingement, is most likely tooccur (if at all) at or near the distal tip of a tibial keel in smallstature patients. To minimize the probability of such impingement smallstature tibial keel 16A of tibial baseplate 12 includes theabove-described unique features while also retaining a large fixationarea for attachment to the surrounding tissues, and maintaining a highminimum material thickness to ensure appropriate strength throughout thematerial of tibial baseplate 12. For example, the high value of keel finangle γ_(A) (described in detail above) increases the surface area forfixation of tibial baseplate 12 to the surrounding bone, while thetapered outer surface of keel 16A ensures that a nominal minimum wallthickness of 1.5 mm is maintained throughout the material of tibialbaseplate 12 while presenting a relatively small radius at the distaltip of keel 16A.

The probability of cortical bone impingement by keel 16A is alsominimized by medially biasing the position of keel 16A with respect tothe tibial baseplate periphery (i.e., peripheries 200 ₁ and 200 ₂). Moreparticularly, small-stature sizes of tibial baseplate 12 have keel 16Aoffset approximately 1 mm from a centered position on distal surface 35of tibial plateau 18, thereby enhancing the probability of properalignment with the anatomic intramedullary canal and concomitantlyminimizing the probably of cortical bone impingement. Medialization ofkeel 16A (and of keel 16 for larger sizes of baseplate 12) is describedin detail in U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/562,133,filed Nov. 21, 2011 and entitled TIBIAL BASEPLATE WITH ASYMMETRICPLACEMENT OF FIXATION STRUCTURES, and in U.S. Provisional PatentApplication Ser. No. 61/592,571, entitled TIBIAL BASEPLATE WITHASYMMETRIC PLACEMENT OF FIXATION STRUCTURES and filed Jan. 30, 2012, andin U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/594,030, entitledTIBIAL BASEPLATE WITH ASYMMETRIC PLACEMENT OF FIXATION STRUCTURES andfiled Feb. 2, 2012, and in U.S. Patent Application Ser. No. 61/621,369,entitled TIBIAL BASEPLATE WITH ASYMMETRIC PLACEMENT OF FIXATIONSTRUCTURES and filed on even date herewith, the entire disclosures ofwhich are hereby expressly incorporated herein by reference.

Small stature tibial keel 16A also includes some features common totibial keel 16 of larger sizes of tibial baseplate 12. For example,small stature tibial keel 16A includes a tapered bore 19 (FIG. 9)extending proximally into keel 16A from the distal tip thereof, which isdesigned to mate with a corresponding locking-taper surface 21 of tibialstein extension 23. The locking taper formed between the inner surfaceof bore 19 and surface 21 may define an angle of approximately 5° withrespect to the shared longitudinal axis of keel 16A and stem extension23 upon assembly. Further, a secondary locking mechanism may be providedin the form of set screw aperture 27A (FIG. 11) formed in a posteriorportion of the outer wall of keel 16A. Set screw aperture 27A ispositioned to align with annular groove 27B formed in stem extension 23when tapered surface 21 is fully, lockingly seated with thecorrespondingly tapered inner surface bore 19. A set screw may then bethreaded into aperture 27A to engage annular groove 27B, therebyoffering secondary prevention of relative axial movement between stemextension 23 and tibial baseplate 12.

4. PCL Cutout Aligned with Home Axis and Associated Technique

In the illustrated embodiment, tibial plateau 18 includes PCL cutout 28disposed between compartments 20, 22, as described above. PCL cutoutleaves PCL attachment point C_(P) accessible, thereby allowing the PCLto pass therethrough during and after implantation of tibial baseplate12. Tibial bearing component 14 (FIG. 5) may similarly include cutout30.

Thus, the illustrated embodiment of tibial prosthesis 10 is adapted fora cruciate retaining (CR) surgical procedure, in which the posteriorcruciate ligament is not resected during implantation of tibialprosthesis 10. Further, as noted above, home axis A_(H) includesreference to PCL attachment point C_(P) when tibial baseplate 12 ismounted upon tibia T. In order to facilitate alignment of home axisA_(H) with respect to tibial baseplate 12 and tibia T, alignment indicia70A, 70P (FIGS. 4A and 4B) may be marked on proximal surface 34 and/orperipheral wall 25. When tibial baseplate 12 is implanted (as describedbelow), anterior alignment indicia 70A (FIGS. 4A and 4B) is aligned withanterior point C_(A) at the “medial third” of the anterior tibialtubercle T, and posterior alignment indicia 70P is aligned with thenatural PCL attachment point C_(P) of tibia T.

However, it is contemplated that a prosthesis in accordance with thepresent disclosure may be made for a design in which the posteriorcruciate ligament is resected during surgery, such as “posteriorstabilized” (PS) or “ultra congruent” (UC) designs. The PS and UCdesigns may exclude PCL cutout 30 in bearing component 14, therebyobviating the need for PCL cutout 28 in tibial baseplate 12. Continuousmaterial may instead occupy cutout 28 (as schematically shown in FIG.3D). Moreover, it is contemplated that PCL cutouts 28, 30 may have anyshape and/or size within the scope of the present disclosure. Forexample, PCL cutouts 28, 30 may be asymmetrical with respect to ananteroposterior axis. For purposes of the present disclosure “bisecting”an asymmetric PCL cutout with an anteroposterior axis refers to dividingsuch cutout into two equal areas for a given anteroposterior section ofthe anteroposterior axis

5. Tibial Bearing Component and Deep Flexion Enablement

Turning again to FIG. 1A, tibial bearing component 14 includes lateralportion 39, medial portion 41, inferior surface 36 adapted to couple totibial baseplate 12, and superior surface 38 adapted to articulate withcondyles of a femoral component (such as femoral component 60 shown inFIG. 8 and described in detail below). Superior surface 38 includeslateral articular surface 40 in lateral portion 39 and medial articularsurface 42 in medial portion 41, with eminence 44 (FIG. 5) disposedbetween articular surfaces 40. 42. Referring to FIG. 5, eminence 44generally corresponds in shape and size with a natural tibial eminenceof tibia T prior to resection.

Referring now to FIG. 1A, tibial plateau 18 of tibial baseplate 12further includes a distal or bone contacting surface 35 and an opposingproximal or superior surface 34, with superior surface 34 having raisedperimeter 24 and locking mechanism 26 formed between lateral and medialcompartments 20, 22. Raised perimeter 24 and locking mechanism 26cooperate to retain tibial bearing component 14 upon tibial baseplate12, as described in detail below.

Inferior surface 36 of tibial bearing component 14 includes recess 46 atthe periphery thereof and a tibial bearing locking mechanism (not shown)disposed between lateral and medial articular surfaces 40, 42. Recess 46is sized and positioned to correspond with raised perimeter 24 of tibialplateau 18, and the tibial bearing locking mechanism cooperates withlocking mechanism 26 of tibial plateau 18 to fix tibial bearingcomponent 14 to tibial baseplate 12 in a desired position andorientation as described in detail below. However, contemplated thattibial bearing component 14 may be affixed to baseplate 12 by anysuitable mechanism or method within the scope of the present disclosure,such as by adhesive, dovetail tongue/groove arrangements, snap-actionmechanisms, and the like.

Exemplary baseplate and tibial bearing locking mechanisms are describedin U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2012/0035737, filed Jul. 22,2011 and entitled TIBIAL PROSTHESIS, and in U.S. Patent ApplicationPublication No. 2012/0035735, filed Jul. 22, 2011 and entitled TIBIALPROSTHESIS, the entire disclosures of which are hereby expresslyincorporated by reference herein.

As best seen in FIGS. 1B, 5 and 8, the outer periphery of tibial bearingcomponent 14 generally corresponds with the outer periphery of tibialplateau 18, except for the posteromedial extent of plateau 18 ascompared with tibial bearing component 14. The anterolateral “corner” oftibial bearing component 14 defines radius R₃ (FIG. 5) having agenerally common center with radius R2L of baseplate 12 in a transverseplane, i.e., radii R2L and R₃ are substantially coincident in a planview. Similarly, the anteromedial “corner” of tibial bearing component14 defines radius R₄ having a generally common center with radius R1R ofbaseplate 12 in a transverse plane, i.e., radii R1R and R₄ aresubstantially coincident in a plan view.

R₃ defines a slightly smaller radial length as compared to R2L, and R₄defines a slightly smaller radial length as compared to R1R, such thatthe anterior portion of perimeter wall 54 of tibial bearing component 14is set back from the anterior portion of peripheral wall 25 (i.e., fromanterior edge 202 and adjacent arcs, as described above) of tibialbaseplate 12. As with the above-described comparison between radii R2Land R1R, anteromedial radius R₄ is substantially larger thananterolateral radius R₃.

Given that medial portion 41 of tibial bearing component 14 has a lesseranteroposterior extent compared to medial compartment 22 of tibialplateau 18, medial portion 41 must be biased anteriorly in order for theanterior-medial “corners” of tibial bearing component 14 and tibialplateau 18 to coincide as shown in FIG. 5. In view of this anteriorbias, it may be said that tibial bearing component 14 is asymmetricallyoriented upon tibial plateau 18. More particularly, although lateralarticular surface 40 is generally centered with respect to lateralcompartment 20 of tibial plateau 18, medial articular surface 42 isanteriorly biased with respect to medial compartment 22 of tibialplateau 18 in order to leave chamfer 32 exposed at the posterior-lateralcorner. This asymmetric mounting of tibial bearing component 14 upontibial plateau 18 ensures a desired articular interaction between tibialprosthesis 10 and femoral component 60, as described in detail below.

Tibial plateau 18 of tibial baseplate 12 deviates from the periphery oftibial bearing component 14 in the posteromedial portion of eachcomponent, leaving medial portion 41 incongruent with medial compartment22 of tibial baseplate 12. More particularly, tibial plateau 18 extendsposteromedially to substantially cover the proximal resected surface oftibia T, as shown in FIG. 5 and described in above, while tibial bearingcomponent 14 does not extend posteromedially beyond the superiorterminus of chamfer 32 (i.e., tibial bearing component 14 does not“overhang” chamfer 32). In addition, tibial bearing component 14includes chamfer 50 formed in peripheral wall 54, with chamfer 50 havinga profile and geometrical arrangement corresponding with chamfer 32 oftibial plateau 18. More particularly, when tibial bearing component 14is assembled to tibial baseplate 12 as shown in FIGS. 1B and 8, theanterior orientation or “bias” of the medial portion of tibial bearingcomponent 14 (as described above) aligns chamfers 32, 50, which in turncooperate to create a substantially continuous chamfer extending fromtibia T to medial articular surface 42. Referring to FIG. 8, chamfers32, 50 further cooperate to define void 52 formed between femur F andtibial plateau 18 when tibial prosthesis 10 is in a deep flexionorientation. In the illustrated embodiment of FIG. 8, the deep flexionorientation is defined by angle β between anatomic tibia axis A_(T) andanatomic femoral axis A_(F) of up to about 25 degrees to about 40degrees, for example (i.e., about 140 degrees to 155 degrees of flexionor more).

Advantageously, void 52 cooperates with the “pulled back” or incongruentposterior medial edge 206 and posterior medial corner 224, as comparedto atypical tibial periphery (described above), to allow the deepflexion orientation to be achieved without impingement of femoralcomponent 60 and/or femur F upon tibial plateau 18 and/or tibial bearingcomponent 14. Soft tissues in the region of void 52 are therefore alsoaccommodated with little or no impingement on the surroundingcomponents.

In addition, the relatively large size of tibial plateau 18 (covering alarge proportion of the resected proximal surface of tibia T) alsoallows tibial bearing component 14 to be relatively large, so thattibial bearing component 14 provides sufficient non-articular surfacearea at chamfers 32, 50 and around the periphery of lateral and medialarticular surfaces 40, 42 to allow relatively large-radius, roundedtransitions between articular surfaces 40, 42 and peripheral wall 54 oftibial bearing component 14. These gradual, large-radius transitionsprevent undue friction between tibial prosthesis 10 and any surroundingsoft tissues which may remain in place after implantation of theprosthesis, such as the iliotibial (IT) band.

In certain ranges of prosthesis articulation, for example, the humaniliotibial (IT) band may touch the anterolateral “corner”, i.e., theportion of tibial bearing component 14 having radius R₃. Because theanterolateral extent of tibial bearing component 14 follows theanterolateral extent of tibial plateau 18 (as described above), thetransition between lateral articular surface 40 and peripheral wall 54at the point of contact between an IT band and tibial bearing component14 can have a relatively large convex portion while still leavingsufficient concave space for articular surface 40. This large convexportion results in a large contact area if the IT band does contacttibial bearing component 14, which in turn results in relatively lowpressures on the IT band. Further, the anterolateral “pull back” orincongruence between the anterior-lateral corner arc 210 of periphery200 and a typical tibial periphery, described in detail above, allowsthe corresponding anterior-lateral corner of bearing component 14 tomaintain separation from the IT band through a wide range of flexion,and low contact pressures where contact does occur.

However, to any such contact between the IT band and tibial bearingcomponent 14 may be avoided or minimized by designing periphery 200 suchthat anterior-lateral corner arc 210 and/or lateral edge arc 212 isbrought away from the expected periphery of a typical tibia T (ascalculated from anatomical data, described above). This extra spacingdesigned into periphery 200 provides extra clearance for the iliotibialband. In addition, this extra clearance assures that the substantialproportion of prospective patients lacking Gerdy's tubercle, which is aneminence located at the anterior-lateral portion of tibia T, will notexperience any “overhang” of tibial plateau 18 beyond the anatomicperiphery of resected tibia T.

Thus, generally speaking, tibial prosthesis 10 can be considered “softtissue friendly” because the edges of tibial bearing component 14 andtibial plateau 18, including chamfers 32, 50, are smooth and rounded, sothat any soft tissue coming into contact with these edges will be lesslikely to chafe or abrade.

Advantageously, the relatively large inferior/distal surface area oftibial plateau 18 facilitates a large amount of bone ingrowth where boneingrowth material is provided in tibial baseplate 12. For example,baseplate 12 may also be constructed of, or may be coated with, a highlyporous biomaterial. A highly porous biomaterial is useful as a bonesubstitute and as cell and tissue receptive material. A highly porousbiomaterial may have a. porosity as low as 55%, 65%, or 75% or as highas 80%, 85%, or 90%. An example of such a material is produced usingTrabecular Metal™ Technology generally available from Zimmer, Inc., ofWarsaw, Ind. Trabecular Metal™ is a trademark of Zimmer, Inc. Such amaterial may be formed from a reticulated vitreous carbon foam substratewhich is infiltrated and coated with a biocompatible metal, such astantalum, by a chemical vapor deposition (“CVD”) process in mannerdisclosed in detail in U.S. Pat. No. 5,282,861 to Kaplan, the entiredisclosure of which is hereby expressly incorporated herein byreference. In addition to tantalum, other metals such as niobium, oralloys of tantalum and niobium with one another or with other metals mayalso be used.

Generally, the porous tantalum structure includes a large plurality ofligaments defining open spaces therebetween, with each ligamentgenerally including a carbon core covered by a thin film of metal suchas tantalum, for example. The open spaces between the ligaments form amatrix of continuous channels having no dead ends, such that growth ofcancellous bone through the porous tantalum structure is uninhibited.The porous tantalum may include up to 75%, 85%, or more void spacetherein. Thus, porous tantalum is a lightweight, strong porous structurewhich is substantially uniform and consistent in composition, andclosely resembles the structure of natural cancellous bone, therebyproviding a matrix into which cancellous bone may grow to providefixation of implant [#] to the patient's bone.

The porous tantalum structure may be made in a variety of densities inorder to selectively tailor the structure for particular applications.In particular, as discussed in the above-incorporated U.S. Pat. No.5,282,861, the porous tantalum may be fabricated to virtually anydesired porosity and pore size, and can thus be matched with thesurrounding natural bone in order to provide an improved matrix for boneingrowth and mineralization.

6. Trial Tibial Components

Tibial prosthesis 10 may be provided in a variety of sizes andconfigurations to accommodate different bone sizes and geometries. Thechoice of one particular size may be planned preoperatively such asthrough preoperative imaging and other planning procedures.Alternatively, an implant size may be chosen, or a previous size choicemodified, intraoperatively. To facilitate proper intraoperativeselection of a particular size for tibial prosthesis 10 from among thefamily of sizes shown in FIG. 2A, and to promote proper orientation ofthe chosen prosthesis 10, tibial prosthesis 10 may be part of a kitincluding one or more template or “sizing” components.

Referring now to FIGS. 6 and 7, trial prosthesis 100 may be temporarilycoupled to tibia T for intraoperative sizing evaluation of tibialprosthesis 10 and initial steps in the implantation of tibial prosthesis10. Trial prosthesis 100 is one of a set of trial prostheses provided asa kit, with each trial prosthesis having a different size andgeometrical configuration. Each trial prosthesis in the set of trialprostheses corresponds to a permanent prosthesis 10, such as sizes1/A-9/J of tibial baseplate 12 as described above.

For example, as shown in FIG. 6, trial prosthesis 100 defines superiorsurface 112 generally corresponding in size and shape to proximalsurface 34 of tibial plateau 18, and including lateral portion 102 andmedial portion 104. Superior surface 112 is asymmetrical about home axisA_(H), with lateral portion 102 having a generally shorter overallanteroposterior extent as compared to medial portion 104 (which includesvoid indicator 106, discussed below). In addition, the anterolateral“corner” of lateral portion 102 defines radius R2L, which is identicalto radius R2L of tibial plateau 18, while the anteromedial “corner” ofmedial portion 104 defines radius R1R, which is identical to radius R1Rof tibial plateau 18 and greater than radius R2L.

Moreover, perimeter wall 114 of trial prosthesis 100 is substantiallyidentical to peripheral wall 25 of tibial plateau 18, and thereforedefines periphery 200 with the same features and shapes of perimeter 200described above with respect to tibial plateau 18. Thus, trialprosthesis 100 is asymmetrical about home axis A_(H) in a similar mannerto tibial plateau 18 of tibial baseplate 12, with the nature of thisasymmetry changing across the various other sizes of tibial prosthesisprovided in the kit including trial prosthesis 100.

In an alternative embodiment, a trial prosthesis may be provided whichextends completely to the posterior-medial edge of the natural tibialresection periphery. Thus, such a would substantially completely coverthe resected tibial surface, thereby aiding in determination of a properrotational orientation of the trial (and, therefore, of the final tibialbaseplate 12). In this alternative embodiment, the trial prosthesislacks the posterior-medial “pull back” of tibial plateau 18, describedabove.

Trial prosthesis 100 includes void indicator 106 disposed at theposterior portion of medial portion 104, consuming a given posteromedialarea of superior surface 34 and peripheral wall 25. Void indicator 106indicates where void 52 (discussed above) will be located with respectto tibia T after implantation of tibial prosthesis 10. Void indicator106 facilitates proper rotational and spatial orientation of trialprosthesis 100 on the resected proximal surface of tibia T by allowing asurgeon to visually match tibial bearing component 14 with trialprosthesis 100, as described in detail below. In the illustratedembodiment, void indicator 106 is an area of visual and/or tactilecontrast with the remainder of tibial plateau 18. This contrast mayinclude, for example, a contrasting color, texture, surface finish, orthe like, or may be formed by a geometric discrepancy such as a step orlip, for example.

Referring specifically to FIG. 6, trial prosthesis 100 further includesa plurality of peg hole locators 108 corresponding to the properlocation for peg holes in tibia T to receive pegs (not shown) extendinginferiorly from tibial plateau 18 of tibial baseplate 12.Advantageously, peg hole locators 108 allow a surgeon to demarcate theproper center for peg holes in tibia T once the proper size andorientation for trial prosthesis 100 has been found, as discussed indetail below. Alternatively, peg hole locators 108 may be used as drillguides to drill appropriately positioned peg holes while trialprosthesis is still positioned on tibia T.

7. Tibial Prosthesis Implantation

In use, a surgeon first performs a resection of tibia T usingconventional procedures and tools, as are well-known in the art. In anexemplary embodiment, a surgeon will resect the proximal tibia to leavea planar surface prepared for receipt of a tibial baseplate. This planarsurface may define a tibial slope, which is chosen by the surgeon. Forexample, the surgeon may wish to perform a resection resulting inpositive tibial slope in which the resected tibial surface slopesproximally from posterior to anterior (i.e., the resected surface runs“uphill” from posterior to anterior). Alternatively, the surgeon mayinstead opt for negative tibial slope in which the resected tibialsurface slopes distally from posterior to anterior (i.e., the resectedsurface runs “downhill” from posterior to anterior). Varus or valgusslopes may also be employed, in which the resected surface slopesproximally or distally from medial to lateral. The choice of a tibialand/or varus/valgus slope, and the amount or angle of such slopes, maydepend upon a variety of factors including correction of deformities,mimicry of the native/preoperative tibial slope, and the like.

In an exemplary embodiment, keel 16 (FIG. 4B) defines a 5-degree,anteriorly-extending angle with respect to bone-contacting surface 35 oftibial plateau 18. Tibial baseplate 12 is appropriate for use with apositive tibial slope of as little as zero degrees and as much as 9degrees, and with a varus or valgus slope of up to 3 degrees. However,it is contemplated that a tibial baseplate made in accordance with thepresent disclosure may be used with any combination of tibial and/orvarus/valgus slopes, such as by changing the angular configuration ofthe keel with respect to the bone-contacting surface.

With a properly resected proximal tibial surface, the surgeon selectstrial prosthesis 100 from a kit of trial prostheses, with eachprosthesis in the kit having a different size and geometricalconfiguration (as discussed above). Trial prosthesis 100 is overlaid onthe resected surface of tibia T. If trial prosthesis 100 isappropriately sized, a small buffer zone 110 of exposed bone of resectedtibia T be visible around the periphery of trial prosthesis 100. Buffer110 is large enough to allow a surgeon to rotate and/or reposition trialprosthesis 100 within a small range, thereby offering the surgeon someflexibility in the final positioning and kinematic profile of tibialprosthesis 10. However, buffer 110 is small enough to prevent trialprosthesis 100 from being rotated or moved to an improper location ororientation, or from being implanted in such as way as to produceexcessive overhang of the edge of trial prosthesis 100 past theperiphery of the resected tibial surface. In one exemplary embodiment,for example, trial prosthesis may be rotated from a centered orientationby up to +/−5 degrees (i.e., in either direction), though it iscontemplated that such rotation may be as much as +/−10 degrees or +/−15degrees.

To aid in rotational orientation, trial prosthesis may include anteriorand posterior alignment indicia 70A, 70P, which are the same marks inthe same location as indicia 70A, 70P provided on tibial plateau 18 asdescribed above. The surgeon can align indicia 70A with anterior pointC_(A) and indicia 70P with PCL attachment point C_(P), in similarfashion as described above, to ensure the anatomical and component homeaxes A_(H) are properly aligned. Alternatively, a surgeon may useindicia 70A, 70P to indicate a desired deviance from alignment with homeaxis A_(H). As noted above, deviation of up to 5 degrees is envisionedwith the exemplary embodiments described herein. A surgeon may choose toorient indicia 70A, 70P to another tibial landmark, such as the middleof the patella or the medial end of tibial tubercle B.

Thus, the large coverage of trial prosthesis 100 (and, concomitantly, oftibial plateau 18) ensures that tibial baseplate 12 will be properlypositioned and oriented on tibia T upon implantation, thereby ensuringproper kinematic interaction between tibial prosthesis 10 and femoralcomponent 60. If buffer zone 110 is either nonexistent or too large,another trial prosthesis 100 is selected from the kit and compared in asimilar fashion. This process is repeated iteratively until the surgeonhas a proper fit, such as the fit illustrated in FIGS. 6 and 7 betweentrial prosthesis 100 and tibia T.

With the proper size for trial prosthesis 100 selected and itsorientation on tibia T settled, trial prosthesis 100 is secured to tibiaT, such as by pins, screws, temporary adhesive, or any otherconventional attachment methods. Once trial prosthesis is an secured,other trial components, such as trial femoral components and trialtibial bearing components (not shown) may be positioned and used toarticulate the leg through a range of motion to ensure a desiredkinematic profile. During such articulation, void indicator 106indicates to the surgeon that any impingement of femoral component 60and/or femur F upon trial prosthesis 100 at void indicator 106 will notoccur when tibial prosthesis 10 is implanted. Once the surgeon issatisfied with the location, orientation and kinematic profile of trialprosthesis 100, peg hole locators 108 may be used to demarcate theappropriate location of peg holes in tibia T for tibial baseplate 12.Such peg holes may be drilled in tibia T with trial prosthesis 100attached, or trial prosthesis 100 may be removed prior to drilling theholes.

With tibia T prepared for receipt of tibial prosthesis 10, tibialbaseplate 12 may be provided by the surgeon (such as from a kit orsurgical inventory), and is implanted on tibia T, with pegs fitting intoholes previously identified and demarcated using peg hole locators 108of trial prosthesis 100. Tibial baseplate 12 is selected from the familyof tibial baseplates illustrated in FIG. 2A to correspond with the trialcomponent 100 chosen, which ensures that tibial plateau 18 will cover alarge proportion of the resected proximal surface of tibia T, as trialprosthesis 100 did prior to removal. Tibial baseplate is affixed totibia T by any suitable method, such as by keel 16 (FIG. 4B), adhesive,bone-ingrowth material, and the like.

With tibial baseplate 12 installed, tibial bearing component 14 may becoupled with tibial baseplate 12 to complete tibial prosthesis 10.However, once attached, tibial bearing component 14 does not fully covertibial plateau 18 of tibial baseplate 12. Rather, tibial bearingcomponent 14 leaves a posteromedial portion of tibial baseplate 12uncovered to create void 52 (as shown in FIG. 8 and discussed above).Thus, a surgeon may wish to verify that this anterior-biased,“asymmetrical” orientation of medial articular surface 42 is properprior to permanent affixation of tibial bearing component 14 to tibialbaseplate 12.

To accomplish such verification, tibial bearing component 14 is placedside-by-side with trial prosthesis 100, with inferior surface 36 oftibial bearing component 14 in contact with superior surface 112 oftrial prosthesis 100. Tibial bearing component 14 will substantiallycover superior surface 112, but will not cover void indicator 106. Putanother way, peripheral wall 54 of tibial bearing component 14 willtrace perimeter wall 114 of tibial trial prosthesis 100, excluding theposteromedial area defined by void indicator 106. If inferior surface 36of tibial bearing component 14 is a match with superior surface 112 oftrial prosthesis 100 except for void indicator 106 (which is leftuncovered by tibial bearing component 14), then tibial bearing component14 is the proper size component and may be confidently installed upontibial plateau 18 of tibial baseplate 12.

Tibial baseplate 12 may then be implanted upon the proximal surface oftibia T accordance with accepted surgical procedures. Exemplary surgicalprocedures and associated surgical instruments are disclosed in “ZimmerLPS-Flex Fixed Bearing Knee, Surgical Technique,” “NEXGEN COMPLETE KNEESOLUTION, Surgical Technique for the CR-Flex Fixed Bearing Knee” and“Zimmer NexGen Complete Knee Solution Extramedullary/IntramedullaryTibial Resector, Surgical Technique” (collectively, the “Zimmer SurgicalTechniques”), copies of which are submitted on even date herewith in aninformation disclosure statement, the entire disclosures of which arehereby expressly incorporated by reference herein.

When the surgeon is satisfied that tibial bearing component 14 isproperly matched and fitted to the installed tibial baseplate 12,bearing component 14 is secured using locking mechanism 26 and thecorresponding tibial bearing locking mechanism an appropriateinstrumentation (not shown). Proper location and rotational orientationof tibial bearing component 14 upon tibial plateau 18 is ensured byraised perimeter 24 cooperating with recess 46, and locking mechanism 26cooperating with the corresponding tibial bearing locking mechanism (notshown). Such proper orientation results in medial articular surface 42being generally anteriorly disposed with respect to medial compartment22 of tibial plateau 18.

Femoral component 60 may be affixed to a distal end of femur F, ifappropriate, using any conventional methods and/or components. Exemplarysurgical procedures and instruments for such affixation are disclosed inthe Zimmer Surgical Techniques, incorporated by reference above. Femur Fand tibia T may then be articulated with respect to one another toensure that neither femur F nor femoral component 60 impinges upontibial baseplate 12 and/or tibial bearing component 14 in deep flexion,such as at a flexion angle β of 155° as shown in FIG. 8. When thesurgeon is satisfied with the location, orientation and kinematicprofile of tibial prosthesis 10, the knee replacement surgery iscompleted in accordance with conventional procedures.

While this invention has been described as having an exemplary design,the present invention can be further modified within the spirit andscope of this disclosure. This application is therefore intended tocover any variations, uses, or adaptations of the invention using itsgeneral principles. Further, this application is intended to cover suchdepartures from the present disclosure as come within known or customarypractice in the art to which this invention pertains and which fallwithin the limits of the appended claims.

What is claimed is:
 1. A small-stature tibial baseplate comprising oneof a smallest two nominal sizes of baseplate in a family of baseplatesof similar design, the baseplate comprising: a tibial plateaucomprising: a distal surface sized and shaped to substantially cover aproximal resected surface of a tibia; a proximal surface opposite thedistal surface, the proximal surface having a lateral compartment and amedial compartment opposite the lateral compartment, wherein the lateralcompartment is asymmetric with respect to the medial compartment about acomponent anteroposterior axis to define a component asymmetry; and aperipheral wall extending between the distal surface and the proximalsurface, wherein a total surface area bounded by the peripheral wall ofthe tibial plateau is between about 1390 mm² and about 1580 mm²; atibial keel extending distally from a junction with the distal surfaceto an opposing distal tip, the tibial keel having a longitudinal extentdefined between the junction and the distal tip; and a medial fin and alateral fin extending from the tibial keel and together having amedial/lateral fin extent at the junction of about 40 mm; wherein thetibial plateau of the small-stature tibial baseplate has a peripheryless than a periphery of any other nominal size of baseplate in thefamily, and a ratio of the medial/lateral fin extent to the longitudinalextent is greater than the same ratio for any other nominal size ofbaseplate in the family.
 2. The small-stature tibial baseplate of claim1, wherein the longitudinal extent of the tibial keel is about 27 mm. 3.The small-stature tibial baseplate of claim 1, wherein a first diameterof the tibial keel at the junction is greater than a second diameter ofthe tibial keel at the distal tip, and the tibial keel has a taperedouter profile extending between the first diameter and the seconddiameter.
 4. The small-stature tibial baseplate of claim 3, wherein thetapered outer profile of the tibial keel defines a taper angle of about9 degrees.
 5. The small-stature tibial baseplate of claim 1, wherein atleast one of the medial fin and the lateral fin extends along less thanan entire longitudinal extent of the tibial keel.
 6. The small-staturetibial baseplate of claim 5, wherein at least one of the medial fin andthe lateral fin extends along about 74% of the entire longitudinalextent of the tibial keel.
 7. The small-stature tibial baseplate ofclaim 1, wherein the tibial keel has a minimum diameter along thelongitudinal extent of at least 13 mm.
 8. The small-stature tibialbaseplate of claim 1, wherein the tibial keel defines a tapered boreextending proximally into the tibial keel from the distal tip of thetibial keel, the tapered bore sized to receive a correspondingly taperedproximal end of a tibial stem extension, such that the tapered proximalend of the tibial stem extension forms a locking taper connection withthe tapered bore.
 9. The small-stature tibial baseplate of claim 8,wherein: the tibial keel comprises a set screw aperture extending froman outer surface of the tibial keel to an inner surface defined by thetapered bore; and the tapered proximal end of the tibial stem extensioncomprises an annular groove positioned to align with the set screwaperture when the locking taper connection is formed between the tibialstem extension and the tapered bore.
 10. The small-stature tibialbaseplate of claim 9, in combination with a set screw receivable withinthe set screw aperture, the set screw extending into the annular grooveto form a secondary locking mechanism preventing relative axial movementbetween the tibial stem extension and the tibial keel when the lockingtaper connection is formed between the tibial stem extension and thetapered bore.
 11. The small-stature tibial baseplate of claim 1, whereinthe tibial plateau defines an overall medial/lateral extent of betweenabout 57 mm and about 61 mm.
 12. The small-stature tibial baseplate ofclaim 1, wherein the medial fin and the lateral fin each span only aportion of the junction between the tibial keel and the tibial plateau,and wherein each of the medial fin and the lateral fin have a fin edgecomprising a planar portion defining an angle of about 45 degrees withrespect to a longitudinal tibial keel axis.
 13. The small-stature tibialbaseplate of claim 12, wherein the medial/lateral fin extent comprisesabout 40 mm.
 14. A small-stature tibial baseplate comprising one of asmallest two nominal sizes of baseplate in a family of baseplates ofsimilar design, the baseplate comprising: a tibial plateau comprising: adistal surface sized and shaped to substantially cover a proximalresected surface of a tibia; a proximal surface opposite the distalsurface, the proximal surface having a lateral compartment and a medialcompartment opposite the lateral compartment, the lateral compartment isasymmetric with respect to the medial compartment about a componentanteroposterior axis to define a component asymmetry; and a peripheralwall extending between the distal surface and the proximal surface,wherein a total surface area bounded by the peripheral wall of thetibial plateau is between about 1390 mm² and about 1580 mm²; a tibialkeel extending distally from a junction with the distal surface to anopposing distal tip, the tibial keel having a longitudinal extentdefined between the junction and the distal tip, the tibial keelcomprising a first diameter at said junction between said distal surfaceand said tibial keel and a second diameter at said distal tip of saidtibial keel, each of the first diameter and the second diameter equal toor greater than 13 mm, the first diameter greater than the seconddiameter; and a medial fin and a lateral fin extending from the tibialkeel and adjoining the distal surface of the tibial plateau, togetherthe medial fin and the lateral fin have a medial/lateral fin extent atthe distal surface, wherein the tibial plateau of the small-staturetibial baseplate has a periphery less than a periphery of any othernominal size of baseplate in the family, and a ratio of themedial/lateral fin extent to the longitudinal extent is greater than thesame ratio for any other nominal size of baseplate in the family. 15.The small-stature tibial baseplate of claim 14, wherein each of themedial fin and the lateral fin has a fin edge comprising a planarportion defining an angle of about 45 degrees with respect to alongitudinal tibial keel axis.
 16. The small-stature tibial baseplate ofclaim 14, wherein a first diameter of the tibial keel at the junctionbetween the distal surface and the keel is greater than a seconddiameter of the keel at the distal tip, and the tibial keel has atapered outer profile extending between the first diameter and thesecond diameter, and wherein the medial and lateral fins extend alongless than an entire longitudinal extent of the tibial keel.
 17. Thesmall-stature tibial baseplate of claim 14, wherein the medial fin mateswith the distal surface at the medial compartment, the lateral fin mateswith the distal surface at the lateral compartment, and wherein themedial/lateral fin extent is about 40 mm.
 18. The small-stature tibialbaseplate of claim 14, wherein the tibial plateau has an overallmedial/lateral extent of between about 57 mm and about 61 mm.